Non-iterative method to evaluate Surface Tension by Sessile Drop in gravity

I : A graphical method
It is only 6 steps shown below, to evaluate surface tension of the liquid. As for details, please see Ref.[1].
  1. Measure r, z, and θ at any surface point P, as shown in Fig.1(a).
  2. Calculate z/r.
  3. Find point Q in Fig.1(b), using a curve for θ.
  4. Find point R in Fig.1(c), using a curve for θ.
  5. Evaluate z˜ from Fig.1(c).
  6. Calculate Surface tension of the liquid, using Eq.(1).
    ...(1)
    where ρ[kg/m3] : density of the liquid, g[m/s3] : gravitational acceleration. Be careful of their units as z[m], surface tension[N/m]..

Fig.1
You can download Fig.1(a) and Fig.1(b) .

II : Automatical calculation program
Above steps are automatically carried out using a program.
  1. Measure r, z, and θ at any surface point P, as shown in Fig.1(a).
  2. Input r, z, and θ to the program.
  3. Input the density of the liquid.
Then, the surface tension will be displayed. You need the density of the liquid, because Eq.(1) is used.

III : Theory for Sessile Drop
Detailed theory on the surface profile of the liquid is clearly expressed in Ref.[2].


[1] K.Takahashi,et.al.,"A non-iterative method to evaluate surface tension and contact angle simultaneously by a sessile drop in gravity using universal figures", Quarterly Journal of The Japan Welding Society, v.39 (2021), pp.32-38.( https://doi.org/10.2207/qjjws.39.32 )
above paper is translated in English; Welding International, v.35, Issue4-6, pp.230-239, 2021 ( https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2021.1980294 )
[2] K.Takahashi,et.al.,"Proposal and applicability of a method to evaluate surface tension of liquid using large volume sessile drop in gravity", Quarterly Journal of The Japan Welding Society, v.38 (2020), pp.193-198.( https://doi.org/10.2207/qjjws.38.193 )
above paper is translated in English; Welding International, v.33, Issue4-6, pp.241-247, 2019 ( https://doi.org/10.1080/09507116.2020.1866914 )

Kunio TAKAHASHI Lab. in Tokyo Tech.